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SUBJECT SEMESTER CFU SSD LANGUAGE
118387 - CELL BIOLOGY

 		First Semester 6 BIO/13 ita

Learning objectives


The course aims to provide a basic knowledge on the functioning of cells (of how cells function and interact, how they organize themselves in tissues), providing a reference framework for a further study of specific genetic, biochemical and molecular topics, during the Biology course.
1) Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and of the organization in tissues. Knowledge of the principles of cell structure, formation, transport and functioning of biological macromolecules in the cellular and extracellular environment. Basic knowledge of the structure of the nucleus and DNA / RNA. Basic knowledge of cell functioning from transcription to gene translation.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to better understand the disciplinary insights of the teachings that will be carried out in the following years. Furthermore, in this course, in addition to providing a basic knowledge of cellular functioning, the knowledge relating to: ion pumps, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and cell adhesions, the transport of newly formed proteins / exocytosis and endocytosis will be particularly deepened. . The students will then apply the aforementioned knowledge to the study of tissues and in particular of the neuron and nervous tissue, of muscle and muscle contraction, of the epithelium and its relationship with the connective tissue.
3) Making judgments: The course offers links with other disciplines of the degree program by providing an integrated, current and dynamic knowledge, susceptible of specific insights such as: a) reading of scientific material found through keyword research and also provided and shared with learners on the google-drive site see text item; b) possibility to work on the power point material provided by the teacher and available on the above link; c) possibility to participate in themed seminars organized by the teaching staff-
4) Communication skills: During the lessons students are invited to give their opinion and to study in groups to develop their communication skills. These skills are then verified during the ongoing exams and at the end of the training activities.
5) Learning skills: Students must be able to describe scientific topics related to cytology and in particular to the biology of the cell and its organization with other cells in tissues. To consider the learning of the objectives as expected, the ability to not only know the topics of the proposed program, but also the ability to connect the various topics of the program, to express them through terms the specific terms and to apply them to themes will be taken into consideration. similar to the program. Such restitution skills will be developed through the active involvement of students in the in-depth study of the course topics

118385 - MATEMATICS AND STATISTICS

 		First Semester 9 MAT/05 ita

Learning objectives

TRAINING OBJECTIVES
The aim of the course is to provide students with the main notions of the analysis
mathematics and statistics, aimed at making students learn techniques
necessary to study the functions, solve problems based on integral calculus
and solve some easy differential equations. Where possible, the concepts covered
will be applied to build and study mathematical models of real phenomena
related to applied sciences, in particular biology.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1)
Acquire knowledge
• the concepts of function, limits and derivability of the functions of one
real variable and all the notions that allow you to study a function;
• the notion of integral, integration methods and the main ones
applications of integral calculus;
• differential equations and some solving methods.
Ability to apply acquired knowledge (Dublin descriptor 2)
Knowing how to use the concepts learned for
• solve equations and inequalities;
• calculate limits, derivatives, integrals and study functions;
• solve differential equations.
Judgment autonomy (Dublin descriptor 3)
• Be able to identify the appropriate rules to apply to
solving new problems, similar to those discussed in class.
Communication skills (Dublin descriptor 4)
• Students' ability to talk, reason and will be stimulated
discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics
treated.
Learning skills (Dublin descriptor 5)
• Be able to discuss some scientific topics by building simple
mathematical models.
118389 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 		First Semester 7 CHIM/03 ita

Learning objectives

Training objectives
The course introduces, through frontal lessons and exercises, the basic concepts of Chemistry, aiming to the understanding and to the theoretical and experimental analysis of biological phenomena. The study of stoichiometry allows to describe the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions. The knowledge of the atomic structure and the periodicity of the atomic properties is the foundation for the discussion of the different kinds of chemical bonds and interactions, of the molecular geometries as well as the nomenclature of simple chemical compounds. Chemical thermodynamics deals with the energy involved in chemical processes (both reactions and phase transitions), while chemical kinetics describes the rate of such processes, allowing to rationalise the concept of chemical equilibrium, a central topic in biochemical phenomena. Examples of fundamental chemical reactions are finally presented, like acids and bases, precipitation and redox reactions. These concepts are key to the critical understanding of the chemical aspects underlying the different topics of the degree course.

Expected results
1) Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of the basic principles of General Chemistry to understand the reactivity and fundamental chemical properties of matter, with particular reference to its application in Biochemistry.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding: the students will be able to balance chemical reactions, estimate the heat, rate and spontaneity of a chemical process, solve problems about colligative properties, chemical, acidic and base and solubility product equilibria.
3) Making judgements: gain the basic knowledge required to interpret the chemical topics discussed in the course.
4) Communication skills: develop a good exposing ability (written and oral) of the acquired concepts.
5) Learning skills: to be able to learn and analyse the topics in different contexts and autonomously.
118386 - ANIMAL BIOLOGY

 		Second Semester 9 BIO/05 ita

Learning objectives

The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the course of study, aims at forming the skills of critical analysis based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline , oriented to environmental studies.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
1) Knowledge and understanding
The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules).
2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied
The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes.
3) Autonomy of judgment
The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments.
4) Communication skills
These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication.
5) Ability to learn
The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course.
118383 - PLANT BIOLOGY

 		Second Semester 9 BIO/02 ita

Learning objectives

Expertise in Botany
A) Formation Goals.
The course will enable students to understand the peculiar morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of plants, their role in the environment and interactions with other organisms. Furthermore, it will allow to know the basic techniques for their taxonomical identification. The course will provide a framework for understanding current issues related to plants (I.e., climate changes, soil stability, desertification processes )and their potential applications. The course will provide the necessary insights to understand the ecological peculiarities of plants and their role in the Biosphere.
B) Learning results
Knowledge and understanding (ability). To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of biology, physiology and ecology of plants and their potential in terms of applications.
Applying knowledge and understanding (Ability to apply knowledge and understanding). To understand the main ecosystem issues concerning plants with particular regard to interactions with the other biotic components including humans. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the plant communities.
Making judgement (Independent judgement). The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in botany. The ability to understand the role of the studied organisms in the environment and their influence on the biosphere.
Communication skills. Ability to describe scientific topics related to plant biology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language.
Learning skills. Ability to use the methods acquired for studied organisms recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences.
118424 - ENGLISH

 		Second Semester 4 ita

Learning objectives

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student can:
- understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language;
- understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters;
- understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters;
- enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life;
- connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions;
- briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well;
- write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest;
- write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints.
118390 - PHYSICS AND LABORATORY

 		Second Semester 9 FIS/07 ita

Learning objectives

Educational goals
The aim of the course is to provide students with the fundamental concepts of physics, at the same time providing the logical-deductive tools necessary to achieve a full understanding of the issues presented. Students will acquire the basic principles of the scientific method that combines the experimental approach with a mathematical-deductive approach. Particular attention will be paid to the critical and historical analysis of the concepts on which a scientific theory is based.

Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and ability to understand. To have developed the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Physics and of the relative methodologies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the concepts learned even in contexts different from those presented. Autonomy of judgment. Develop critical analysis skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics discussed will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss fundamental scientific topics of Physics and its applications. This skill will be developed and verified by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.
SUBJECT SEMESTER CFU SSD LANGUAGE
118391 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 		First Semester 7 CHIM/06 ita

Learning objectives

The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise.

B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life.

In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition.

Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach.

Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts.

Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return.
OPTIONAL GROUP - - - -
MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT Second Semester 6 BIO/11 ita

Learning objectives

OBJECTIVES: the course of molecular methodologies applied to environmental research aims to provide students with an overview of the biomolecular and analytical instrumental techniques used for environmental studies. Knowledge will be given to develop the knowledge of environmental influences on the biology of living organisms and on humans.
Students will acquire conceptual tools to understand the methods for the study of the effects of pollutants on human health and the environment and for the evaluation of toxicological risk.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course the students will have to know the modern techniques of molecular biology used in the environmental field. They will understand the principles underlying the main molecular and analytical methods for the study of environmental pollutants. They will be able to correctly use the appropriate terminology used in molecular and analytical instrumental methodologies. They will be able to describe the structural elements of the main tools of a biochemical / molecular laboratory (liquid chromatography, spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer). They will know the classification of environmental toxic chemicals and their effect on humans.
CAPACITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: mastery of analytical and molecular methods for the study of genetic-environmental variability. Ability to identify the analytical-molecular techniques to be applied in different cases. Ability to apply techniques related to the identification of environmental pollutants.
JUDGMENT AUTONOMY: to have a concrete ability to integrate basic biomolecular knowledge and manage the complexity of problems in the environmental application field.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ability to expose the acquired knowledge. The student must be able to present logically, concisely and rigorously, in various forms and with different tools, objectives, concepts, data and procedures of work or experimental analysis.
LEARNING SKILLS: develop autonomous learning skills in the field of the discipline in question to increase their knowledge, constantly updating and keeping informed about new developments and bio-molecular methods used in the environmental field.
HYDROBIOLOGY Second Semester 6 BIO/07 ita

Learning objectives

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. The aim of the course is to provide students with the useful information to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. Expanding knowledge on aquatic organisms from a trophic-functional point of view. Students will have to learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of ecosystems in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, network analysis), and an understanding of the importance of managing these environments will be stimulated. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of inland water ecology and community ecology.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding. Having developed knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. Having acquired the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology. Judgment autonomy. Being able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general the academic ecology of aquatic environments also in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions.
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE Second Semester 6 GEO/05 ita

Learning objectives

The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of geology useful to properly frame the environmental themes. The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that give rise to formation of rocks and their structure constitute central themes of the course.


Expected learning outcomes

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge about the inner constitution of the Earth and the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy and the main geological structures.

Applied knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to distinguish and classify the main types of rocks, to read and interpret geological map.

Making judgments:
Through the exercises on geological maps, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian areas.

Communication skills:
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language during the lessons and exercises on rocks classification and geological maps. Communication skills will be verified during examination.

Learning skills:
The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze the essential geological features of an area.
118406 - CHEMICAL MONITORING LABORATORY

 		First Semester 6 CHIM/06 ita

Learning objectives

Educational Objectives: The course introduces and deepens the concepts and main experimental approaches on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring.

Expected Learning Outcomes:

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the main instrumental methods for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic and inorganic substances present in the environment. The knowledge will focus in particular on the chemical monitoring of water and soil;
Applied knowledge and understanding: In addition to theoretical knowledge acquired through the study of chemical analysis methods, students will be able to apply the main concepts studied to the analysis of samples during practical exercises taken from real situations;
Autonomy of judgment: The course offers connections with other disciplines in the Degree Course in Environmental Biological Sciences (including physics, general chemistry, and organic chemistry) providing integrated knowledge for understanding the methodological aspects of environmental chemical monitoring. Knowledge and practical application will allow autonomy of judgment and planning skills;
Communication skills: Knowledge and practical application will also be useful in developing communication skills through the reading and interpretation of instrumental data obtained;
Learning ability: Learning ability will be evaluated through exercises concerning theory and interpretation of instrumental data.
- - ELECTIVE MODULE

 		First Semester 12 ita
118395 - GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS

 		Second Semester 9 BIO/18 ita

Learning objectives

The principal aim of the course is to furnish the students with the theoretical bases of formal and post-genomic genetics as well as with the description of the experimental approaches used. Students must apprehend the logic of formal genetics and the methods of the genetic dissection of complex biological phenomena: genotype/phenotype correlation and their interactions with the environment. Relevant arguments will be: mutations, mutagenesis, DNA repair, mutations and carcinogenesis.

The aim of the course is to provide students with the information necessary for understanding the theoretical foundations of classical and modern genetics and the experimental approaches that have allowed their definition. Students must learn the logic of formal genetic analysis and the methodologies of genetic dissection of biological phenomena. They will have to know how to connect the concepts of genotype and phenotype and the interaction of these with the environment. A relevant chapter of the course will be dedicated to the students' acquisition of the concepts of mutation, mutagenesis and repair of genetic damage; as well as the impact that these processes have in the generation of syndromes, in the onset of degenerative diseases and in the evolution of populations. The notions will be provided to understand the paradigm shift that took place in the post-genomic era, and the understanding of the importance of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic model systems will be stimulated.
Knowledge and understanding.
To have developed the knowledge of the principles of formal genetics: Mendelism, sex-linked inheritance, mapping of genes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, mutations, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genetics of populations. Having acquired the basic notions of Environmental Mutagenesis and Molecular Genetics and having understood the potential of post-genomic analysis.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding.
Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the patterns of inheritance and to solve problems in the various fields of Genetics.
Autonomy of judgment.
Being able to identify the appropriate rules of Genetics to apply to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class.
Communication skills.
The students' ability to speak, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics covered will be stimulated.
Learning ability.
To be able to discuss scientific issues related to Genetics also in its medical applications and in its evolutionary implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.
118396 - BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

 		Second Semester 7 BIO/10 ita

Learning objectives

Educational Goals

The main objective of the course is to provide students with the concepts necessary to understand the biological phenomena and the energy variations connected to them and the metabolism. the course also aims to provide knowledge regarding the structure and function of the main biological molecules: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids as well as knowledge on cellular metabolism and its regulation. Finally, the course will introduce students to knowledge to describe the complex phenomena of communication, interaction and control of cellular and tissue functions with biochemical and molecular language.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS

Knowledge and understanding: Having developed knowledge of the principles of biochemistry in relation to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; know the complex phenomena of communication, interaction and control of cellular and tissue functions and aims to highlight the relationships between structure and function of the main classes of biological molecules, the metabolic regulation at the molecular and cellular level; to make known the mechanisms that underlie the enzymatic functions.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Knowing how to use the information learned in class to be able to deal with biochemistry issues in a strictly scientific way; Furthermore, students are expected to be able to apply the knowledge acquired from the course in research, in the biotechnological industry and in the sector of biological and biochemical analyzes.
Autonomy of judgment: Being able to identify and understand the scientific mechanisms that underlie biochemistry in order to be able to interpret and make adequate judgments regarding the problems relating to the interactions between the various biological molecules.
Communication skills: Students' ability to talk, discuss and reflect on the topics raised during the lessons will be stimulated, especially insisting on the importance of the scientific method that led to the statements dealt with during the course.
Learning skills: Being able to discuss scientific issues concerning the interaction between molecules and the cellular and molecular system also in its biomedical applications and in the implications in the relationship of biochemistry with health. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral classroom discussions.
118397 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 		Second Semester 7 BIO/11 ita

Learning objectives

OBJECTIVES. Course objective is to provide an overview of the molecular structure and function of the nucleic acids. The goal is to encourage students to acquire solid basic knowledge of molecular biology for studying and understanding the organization and evolution of genomes, but especially the molecular mechanisms that, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, underlie and govern both the maintenance and the flow of genetic information.
Moreover, the student will learn the basics of intracellular communication through the study of signal transduction pathways responsible for short-term responses.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. To possess the basics of biochemistry underlying the structure of nucleic acids, for understanding its biological function. Having acquired the concepts and knowledge necessary to understand the molecular and cellular bases of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To understand the main mechanisms of intracellular signaling and of functional protein-protein interactions.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. Knowing how to use the theoretical notions learned during the course for a critical analysis of molecular mechanisms at the basis of life.
MAKING JUDGEMENTS. To be able to discuss the role of the cellular processes described in class, increasing the ability to translate the acquired theoretical concepts into application.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. To demonstrate the ability to summarize and effectively present the acquired information. To develop the ability to use the correct terminology.
LEARNING SKILLS. To be able to grasp, rework and discuss the scientific issues dealt with in the lesson, including their evolutionary implications.
118398 - GENERAL AND POPULATION ECOLOGY

 		Second Semester 9 BIO/07 ita

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide solid basic knowledge of the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relationships with the environment. The course aims to emphasize the hierarchical and interdisciplinary nature of ecology with the aim of encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. This is reflected in the organization of the program, that runs the hierarchical scale of the ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) to the structure and functioning of the communities (community ecology).
The course will provide the basis for further studies in ecosystem and applied ecology, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable environmental management.
120363 - BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

 		Second Semester 6 BIO/07 ita
SUBJECT SEMESTER CFU SSD LANGUAGE
118400 - GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY

 		First Semester 9 BIO/09 ita

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide solid knowledge on physiological processes, from the cellular to the organism level. In particular, the course will allow you to:

1) understand the functions and the mechanisms of the physiological processes at cellular, organismal, and system level and their regulation and functional integration through different levels of organization in living organisms;
2) understand the adaptive and homeostatic capacities of organisms in response to environmental changes, both social and physical.

The course will pose a solid basis for more specialized studies in neuroscience, behavioural physiology, comparative physiology, ecophysiology, and conservation physiology.

Learning
At the end of the course the students are expected to achieve the following knowledge and abilities:
Knowledge:
- Physiological processes and mechanisms in animals, with ability to connect and integrate different systems and other biological disciplines;
- Understand the physiological connections between systems, of the relationships between organism and environment (internal and external) mediated by physiological processes, including the basic knowledge of the experimental approaches, also pharmacological, for the study of physiological mechanisms with emphasis on the coping response to stress, environmental challenges, and the interaction between ecological and physiological processes.
Ability:
- Ability to interpret the results of physiological studies; to understand role of the physiological responses of the organisms to the social and non-social environment; being able to understand the evolutionary and functional connection between anatomy, physiology, behaviour and environment. Being aware of the animal diversity of mechanisms that control the activity of the organisms;
- Ability to describe physiological issues, with the appropriate technical/scientific language, both written and spoken;
- Ability to use the acquired knowledge for understanding the physiological processes and mechanisms, from the ionic and biochemical to the organismal level. The achievement of this goal will also be pursued with group discussions on specific topics, also suggested by the students.
118402 - APPLIED ECOLOGY

 		First Semester 7 BIO/07 ita

Learning objectives

Educational objectives
The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of applied ecology useful for correctly framing the environmental themes deriving from the interaction between man and natural ecosystems. The course introduces the main characteristics of ecosystems and analyzes the impacts on these ecosystems deriving from human activities, providing for each theme an overview of the management, technical and regulatory tools used to stem environmental degradation.

Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training the student will acquire the knowledge concerning the main anthropic impacts on marine, terrestrial and inland water ecosystems. The student will be able to understand the multiple effects that human activities imply, in terms of the imbalance of the stability of natural ecosystems.
Applied knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to find out about the technical options that can be applied in solving the most pressing environmental issues and will be able to identify the national and supranational regulatory tools through which these issues can be addressed.
Autonomy of judgment
During lectures and exercises, open discussion on the main environmental issues addressed is encouraged, in particular with regard to possible solutions to the most current environmental emergencies. The student will therefore acquire autonomy of judgment based on the knowledge learned and the dialectical comparison with colleagues and the teacher.
Communication skills
The student will acquire an appropriate technical-scientific language during the lessons and exercises, through the knowledge of the definitions and the main basic concepts in ecology and applied ecology. Communication skills will be verified during the exam.
Ability to learn
The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the concepts learned to hypothesize the possible effects of human activities even in environmental contexts different from those considered as an example, based on the ecological characteristics of the considered environment.
118384 - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGICAL MONITEERING LABORATORY - 12 - -

Learning objectives

MODULO A
The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of ecotoxicology useful for correctly framing the issues relating to environmental and human health. The course introduces environmental issues related to the presence of xenobiotic chemicals and focuses attention on the mechanisms of cellular toxicity. The processes that lead to persistence / degradation, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the use of cellular biomarkers and the use of in vitro cell cultures as a useful tool in the study of toxicity at various levels are the central themes of the course. The laboratory exercises aim to learn the main techniques for the in vitro cultivation of mammalian and / or fish cell lines and the procedures necessary to perform cytotoxicity and / or genotoxicity tests.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on what are the chemical / physical characteristics of the contaminants and the biotic and abiotic processes capable of influencing their environmental path and toxicity, will be able to describe the general principles to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different environmental contaminants on various levels of biological organization, research, evaluate, process relevant ecotoxicological information. Will be able to understand, organize and present data relating to an ecotoxicological study.
Applied knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will have to demonstrate that they are able to experimentally manipulate cells in vitro to be used for ecotoxicological tests.
Autonomy of judgment
During the exercises and the bibliographic study, the student will acquire autonomy of critical judgment on the basis of the knowledge learned for the assessment of environmental risk and possible remedies.
Communication skills
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language while studying articles provided in class. The methods learned during the exercises include a short practical test. Communication and exhibition skills will be verified during the exam.
Ability to learn
The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the methods learned to investigate different ecotoxicological problems. The student must be able to critically relate an ecotoxicological research through a presentation in ppt

MODULO B
The course aims to develop skills in the design and execution of biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation.
Knowledge and understanding
The knowledge acquired will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality.
Knowledge and understanding applied
The application of knowledge will be focused on the methodological study concerning the indices currently in use to evaluate the ecological status of the river courses.
Making judgments
The ability to formulate independent evaluations can be exercised in the interpretation of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at reasoned judgments.
Communication skills
These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities.
Learning skills
The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGICAL MONITEERING LABORATORY (MODULE I) 6 BIO/06 ita

Learning objectives

The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of ecotoxicology useful for correctly framing the issues relating to environmental and human health. The course introduces environmental issues related to the presence of xenobiotic chemicals and focuses attention on the mechanisms of cellular toxicity. The processes that lead to persistence / degradation, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the use of cellular biomarkers and the use of in vitro cell cultures as a useful tool in the study of toxicity at various levels are the central themes of the course. The laboratory exercises aim to learn the main techniques for the in vitro cultivation of mammalian and / or fish cell lines and the procedures necessary to perform cytotoxicity and / or genotoxicity tests.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on what are the chemical / physical characteristics of the contaminants and the biotic and abiotic processes capable of influencing their environmental path and toxicity, will be able to describe the general principles to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different environmental contaminants on various levels of biological organization, research, evaluate, process relevant ecotoxicological information. Will be able to understand, organize and present data relating to an ecotoxicological study.
Applied knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will have to demonstrate that they are able to experimentally manipulate cells in vitro to be used for ecotoxicological tests.
Autonomy of judgment
During the exercises and the bibliographic study, the student will acquire autonomy of critical judgment on the basis of the knowledge learned for the assessment of environmental risk and possible remedies.
Communication skills
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language while studying articles provided in class. The methods learned during the exercises include a short practical test. Communication and exhibition skills will be verified during the exam.
Ability to learn
The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the methods learned to investigate different ecotoxicological problems. The student must be able to critically relate an ecotoxicological research through a presentation in ppt
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGICAL MONITEERING LABORATORY (MODULE II) 6 BIO/05 ita

Learning objectives

The course aims to develop skills in the design and execution of biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation.
Knowledge and understanding
The knowledge acquired will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality.
Knowledge and understanding applied
The application of knowledge will be focused on the methodological study concerning the indices currently in use to evaluate the ecological status of the river courses.
Making judgments
The ability to formulate independent evaluations can be exercised in the interpretation of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at reasoned judgments.
Communication skills
These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities.
Learning skills
The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices.
118401 - GENERAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

 		Second Semester 9 BIO/19 ita

Learning objectives

Formation Goals.
The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristic of microorganisms (mainly prokaryotic); their role in nature and the interactions with other organisms. Moreover, it will consent to acquire the basic techniques for the manipulation of microorganisms in laboratory, their identification and the study of microbial communities. The course will permit to understand the principal interactions between microorganisms and environment particularly in relation with the bio-geochemical cycles. The course will supply a reference framework to comprehend modern aspect related to the microbial world and the potential applications of useful microorganisms. The course will supply the basic formation for further specialized studies in microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology.
Learning results
Knowledge and understanding (ability). To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of the microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms environment and other organisms, their potential in biotechnology.
Applying knowledge and understanding (Ability to apply knowledge and understanding). To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganism, mankind and environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the microbial world.
Making judgement (Independent judgement). The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of the microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms.
Communication skills. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language.
Learning skills. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences.

118403 - BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

 		Second Semester 8 BIO/07 ita

Learning objectives

The sea and oceans are home to fundamental biological and physical processes for the life and physical and chemical balance of the entire planet and are rich in renewable living resources, which provide valuable nutrients and molecules for human life and health. They are also such a favorable habitat for life as to constitute a privileged location for the development of life and have a very high biodiversity, with all the Phyla represented, of which many are exclusively marine.
The aim of the course is therefore to build an educational path that, through lectures, laboratory and sea exercises, leads students to know the habitats, the functioning mechanisms of the marine ecosystem in its abiotic and biotic components, analyzing their interrelationships at different spatial and temporal scales.

Expected learning outcomes
1) Knowledge and understanding
To have developed knowledge related to the physical, chemical and biological properties of sea water. Knowledge related to the main marine, oceanic and coastal habitats and to pelagic and benthic organisms. Understanding of the main mechanisms of functioning of the marine ecosystem in its abiotic and biotic components by analyzing their interrelationships at different spatial and temporal scales.
2) Knowledge and understanding skills applied
Experimental approach to the study of oceanography and to the study of marine ecosystems through the use of the main sampling techniques and analysis methodologies presented during the lectures and carried out during the didactic exercises.
3) Autonomy of judgment
Being able to evaluate and deal with the appropriate skills, competences and critical sense of the study of the different issues concerning the oceanic and coastal marine environment presented during the course.
4) Communication skills
Being able to master the main topics addressed during the course with a correct scientific language.
5) Ability to learn
Being able to apply the knowledge acquired, during lectures and exercises, to cases that require the integration of the topics covered during the course.
118404 - STAGE

 		Second Semester 6 ita
118405 - THESIS

 		Second Semester 7 ita

Obiettivi formativi

OBJECTIVES: the course of molecular methodologies applied to environmental research aims to provide students with an overview of the biomolecular and analytical instrumental techniques used for environmental studies. Knowledge will be given to develop the knowledge of environmental influences on the biology of living organisms and on humans.
Students will acquire conceptual tools to understand the methods for the study of the effects of pollutants on human health and the environment and for the evaluation of toxicological risk.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course the students will have to know the modern techniques of molecular biology used in the environmental field. They will understand the principles underlying the main molecular and analytical methods for the study of environmental pollutants. They will be able to correctly use the appropriate terminology used in molecular and analytical instrumental methodologies. They will be able to describe the structural elements of the main tools of a biochemical / molecular laboratory (liquid chromatography, spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer). They will know the classification of environmental toxic chemicals and their effect on humans.
CAPACITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: mastery of analytical and molecular methods for the study of genetic-environmental variability. Ability to identify the analytical-molecular techniques to be applied in different cases. Ability to apply techniques related to the identification of environmental pollutants.
JUDGMENT AUTONOMY: to have a concrete ability to integrate basic biomolecular knowledge and manage the complexity of problems in the environmental application field.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS: ability to expose the acquired knowledge. The student must be able to present logically, concisely and rigorously, in various forms and with different tools, objectives, concepts, data and procedures of work or experimental analysis.
LEARNING SKILLS: develop autonomous learning skills in the field of the discipline in question to increase their knowledge, constantly updating and keeping informed about new developments and bio-molecular methods used in the environmental field.

Obiettivi formativi

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. The aim of the course is to provide students with the useful information to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. Expanding knowledge on aquatic organisms from a trophic-functional point of view. Students will have to learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of ecosystems in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, network analysis), and an understanding of the importance of managing these environments will be stimulated. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of inland water ecology and community ecology.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding. Having developed knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. Having acquired the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology. Judgment autonomy. Being able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general the academic ecology of aquatic environments also in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions.

Obiettivi formativi

The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of geology useful to properly frame the environmental themes. The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that give rise to formation of rocks and their structure constitute central themes of the course.


Expected learning outcomes

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge about the inner constitution of the Earth and the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy and the main geological structures.

Applied knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to distinguish and classify the main types of rocks, to read and interpret geological map.

Making judgments:
Through the exercises on geological maps, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian areas.

Communication skills:
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language during the lessons and exercises on rocks classification and geological maps. Communication skills will be verified during examination.

Learning skills:
The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze the essential geological features of an area.

CHOICE GROUPS YEAR/SEMESTER CFU SSD LANGUAGE
OPTIONAL GROUP - 6 - -
118425 - MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT Second Year / First Semester 6 BIO/11 ita
118393 - HYDROBIOLOGY Second Year / First Semester 6 BIO/07 ita
118394 - INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE Second Year / First Semester 6 GEO/05 ita