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General Info

SUBJECTSEMESTERCFUSSDLANGUAGE
119922 - MATHEMATICS

First Semester 8MAT/05ita

Learning objectives

Learn basic contents and techniques from Mathematical Analysis, which are needed to study functions, to solve problems relying on integral calculus and to solve simple differential equations. When possible, these themes will be related to applied problems, mainly in Biology. Students will learn basic concepts: limit, differentiability, study of functions; integral and its applications; differential equations.
This concepts will be used to solve concrete problems and to face simple mathematical models.
Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1)
Understand the concepts of function, limits, differentiability of functions of 1 variable and all notions needed to study a function; integral, methods of integration and basic applications of integral calculus; differential equation and some resolution methods.
Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 2)
To be able to use the studied tools to
• solve equations and inequalities;
• calcolate limits, derivates, integrals and study functions;
• solve differential equations.
Making judgements (Dublin descriptor 3)
• To be able to detect the rules needed to solve new problems, analogous to the ones faced in lessons.
Communication skills (Dublin descriptor 4)
• Stimulate students to intervene, reason and discuss on questions raised in lessons.
Learning skills (Dublin descriptor 5)
• To be able to discuss some scientific topics with easy mathematical models.

15310 - CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

First Semester 9BIO/06ITA

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge on the functioning of cells (of how cells function and interact, how they organize themselves in tissues), providing a reference framework for a further study of specific genetic, biochemical and molecular topics during the Biology course.
1) Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and the organization in tissues. Knowledge of the principles of cell structure, formation, transport and functioning of biological macromolecules in the cellular and extracellular environment. Basic understanding of the structure of the nucleus and DNA / RNA. Basic knowledge of cell functioning from transcription to gene translation.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to understand better the disciplinary insights that will follow from the teachings in the consequent years. Furthermore, besides providing a basic knowledge of cellular functioning, this course will notably deepen the understanding of ion pumps, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and cell adhesions, and the transport of newly formed proteins/ex endocytosis. The students will then apply the knowledge above to the study of tissues, particularly the neuron and nervous tissue, muscle and muscle contraction, the epithelium, and its relationship with the connective tissue.
3) Making judgments: The course offers links with other disciplines of the degree program by providing an integrated, current and dynamic knowledge, susceptible of specific insights such as a) reading of scientific material found through keyword research and also provided and shared with learners on the google-drive site see text item; b) possibility to work on the PowerPoint material provided by the teacher and available on the above link; c) possibility to participate in themed seminars organized by the teaching staff-
4) Communication skills: During the lessons, students are invited to give their opinions and study in groups to develop their communication skills. These skills are then verified during the ongoing exams and at the end of the training activities.
5) Learning skills: Students must be able to describe scientific topics related to cytology and, in particular, the biology of the cell and its organization with other cells in tissues. To consider the learning of the objectives as expected, it will consider from students the ability to connect the various topics of the program, express them through terms the specific terms, and apply them to themes will be taken into consideration. Similar to the program. The active involvement of students in the in-depth study of the course topics will favour the development of these skills.

17547 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

First Semester 7CHIM/03ITA

Learning objectives

The course introduces, through frontal lessons and exercises, the basic concepts of Chemistry, aiming to the understanding and to the theoretical and experimental analysis of biological phenomena. The study of stoichiometry allows to describe the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions. The knowledge of the atomic structure and the periodicity of the atomic properties is the foundation for the discussion of the different kinds of chemical bonds and interactions, of the molecular geometries as well as the nomenclature of simple chemical compounds. Chemical thermodynamics deals with the energy involved in chemical processes (both reactions and phase transitions), while chemical kinetics describes the rate of such processes, allowing to rationalise the concept of chemical equilibrium, a central topic in biochemical phenomena. Examples of fundamental chemical reactions are finally presented, like acids and bases, precipitation and redox reactions. These concepts are key to the critical understanding of the chemical aspects underlying the different topics of the degree course.

Expected results
1) Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of the basic principles of General Chemistry to understand the reactivity and fundamental chemical properties of matter, with particular reference to its application in Biochemistry.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding: the students will be able to balance chemical reactions, estimate the heat, rate and spontaneity of a chemical process, solve problems about colligative properties, chemical, acidic and base and solubility product equilibria.
3) Making judgements: gain the basic knowledge required to interpret the chemical topics discussed in the course.
4) Communication skills: develop a good exposing ability (written and oral) of the acquired concepts.
5) Learning skills: to be able to learn and analyse the topics in different contexts and autonomously.

13639 - PHYSICS

Second Semester 7FIS/07ITA

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with the fundamental concepts of physics while conveying, at the same time, the logical-deductive tools necessary to arrive at a full understanding of the topics presented. Students will have to acquire the basic principles of the scientific method that combines the experimental approach with a mathematical-deductive approach. Particular attention will be paid to the critical and historical analysis of the concepts on which a scientific theory is based. The course also aims to provide the basis for understanding the physical principles involved in some biological processes and in the applications of some physical methodologies in the biomedical field.

Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and ability to understand: To have developed the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Physics and of the relative methodologies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Knowing how to use the concepts learned even in contexts different from those presented.
Autonomy of judgment: Develop critical analysis skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class.
Communication skills: Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics discussed will be stimulated.
Learning ability: Being able to discuss fundamental scientific topics of Physics and its applications. This skill will be developed and verified by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.

15286 - BOTANY

Second Semester 9BIO/03ITA

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide the students tools for understanding the diversity of Plants, adaptation strategies, and different reproduction processes. The knowledge of the biodiversity of micro- and macroscopic organisms occupying different environmental compartments - air, water and soil - is a basic skill for understanding their role in the ecosystems and possible consequences due to Climate Change. The course will supply the basis for further studies in ecology and many other disciplines of the next two years.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1) Knowing the biodiversity of plants and their morphological and physiological characteristics resulting from adaptation to specific and different environmental conditions.
2) Ability to apply knowledge acquired and understanding. Learn how to use acquired skills to interpret data observed or understand any morpho-functional alterations due to variations in environmental parameters.
3) Autonomy of judgment. Ability to formulate hypotheses in response to any problems.
4) Communicative Skills. Students are encouraged to acquire a scientifically correct terminology.
5) Learning Skills. Stimulate the curiosity and knowledge on Plants.

15287 - ZOOLOGY

Second Semester 9BIO/05ITA

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with a general knowledge of biodiversity as regards the animal kingdom and the experimental approaches that enable it to be studied, and in particular knowledge on physiology, morphology, behaviour, evolution, and classification of species. Students will learn an evolutional approach to animal biology to understand animal diversity in all its manifestations in relation to the various environments and organisms. The acquired knowledge and methodological approach can be useful both in the future of biological studies and in professional application.
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. Students will have to demonstrate good basic knowledge in the zoo, be familiar with the scientific inquiry method and be able to interpret the data by making evolutionary links and synthesizing acquired knowledge.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The course aims to allow the student to acquire the tools to describe the structures, functions, and behavior of animals as well as the recognition of the main taxa.
MAKING JUDGMENT. Making judgements by taking advantage of the acquired knowledge, the student will have to be able to confront the great theme of the origin of life and animal biodiversity. As they are enriched with new hypotheses.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to talk, discuss, and discuss questions raised during lessons about the topics discussed will be stimulated.
LEARNING SKILLS. Students will have to be able to discuss Zoology related issues with particular attention to the mechanisms of evolution, animal biodiversity and its protection. This ability will be developed and tested by involving students in oral class discussions.

119926 - ENGLISH LANGUAGE - B1

Second Semester 5ita

Learning objectives

The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The learner is able to know and understand the topics related to the syntax and vocabulary of the English language for a B1 level, which concern the structures to be used in everyday communication. He/she is also able to understand the key points of topics relating to their specific field of study.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The learner is able to interact with ease, without errors and misunderstandings, in everyday situations where the language of communication is English. He/she is able to use the tools and vocabulary learned related to their field of study
MAKING JUDGMENT. The learner is able to independently deepen, through information and communication technologies, what he/she has learnt with regard to everyday aspects of language use but especially with regard to knowledge acquired in his/her specific field of study
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The learner has acquired the ability to produce written texts, in a clear and complete manner, on topics of everyday life but also on subjects related to their specific field of study.
LEARNING SKILLS. The learner is able to act independently to deepen and integrate the knowledge acquired during the course, expanding the specialised lexicon, writing and communication strategies to be implemented in an English language conversation.

SUBJECTSEMESTERCFUSSDLANGUAGE
OPTIONAL GROUP - -- -
STATISTICS AND PHYSICS LABORATORYSecond Semester6FIS/07ita

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide the students with 1) knowledge of basic physics in order to complete those introduced during the first year and 2) the tools needed to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained through the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to orally expose a scientific topic and to draw up a scientific report. This is within a simple but rigorous modeling and mathematical approach to familiarize students with graphic representations and estimates of scale sizes and physical phenomena.

Expected learning outcomes
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING SKILLS
At the end of the learning activity the person will know: A) define the measure of a physical quantity in direct and indirect manner; B) describe a physical dimension through numerical and graphical, linear and nonlinear methods; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the unit of measure; D) describe the operation of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of the measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) comparing experimental results; M) design a mechanics, calorimetry experiment and study of the DC circuits capable of determining with good approximation some fundamental constants of the physical or physical properties of the apparatus; N) write a scientific report that gives clear, complete and immediate control of the protocol and collected data.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING SKILLS APPLIED
At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate, doing an experiment or in an examination context, to know how to: A) associate the magnitude to measure the physical laws describing the system; B) estimate the effects that change the expected value of the measured quantity within the used approximation; C) do an experiment and define the optimum conditions for carrying it on; D) give a value of uncertainty of the measured quantities; E) analytically evaluate how the error is propagated on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to get the value to be measured that is affected by minimal random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through the statistics.
JUDGMENT AUTONOMY
At the end of this activity, the student must demonstrate that he / she knows how to: A) choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment most suitable for obtaining an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase measurement sensitivity; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors.
COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS
The student must demonstrate that he/she is able to describe in a scientific report the physical law relevant for an experiment, the experimental conditions, and the theory best suited to the determination of physical quantity measurement, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified by evaluating the reports that each group of students will have done about the experiments conducted during the course. They will then be further verified during the examination.
ABILITY TO LEARN
At the end of this activity, the student must demonstrate that he / she can use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of various systems.

13646 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

First Semester 7CHIM/06ITA

Learning objectives

The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry in order to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the relationships between chemical structure and chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of chemical properties in the context of reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and ability to understand: Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters working in the control of thermodynamic and kinetic of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationships between organic molecules and the origin of life.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises for the identification and classification of organic substances, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the separation of organic isomers and the methodologies for their analysis and their recognition.
Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatic and Genetic) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach.
Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts.
Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course

15291 - GENETICS

First Semester 9BIO/18ITA

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with the information necessary for understanding the theoretical foundations of classical and modern genetics and the experimental approaches that have allowed their definition. Students will have to learn the logic of formal genetic analysis and the methodologies of genetic dissection of biological phenomena. They will have to know how to connect the concepts of genotype and phenotype and the interaction of these with the environment. A relevant chapter of the course will be dedicated to the students' acquisition of the concepts of mutation, mutagenesis and repair of genetic damage; as well as the impact that these processes have in the generation of syndromes, in the onset of degenerative diseases and in the evolution of populations. The notions will be provided to understand the paradigm shift that took place in the post-genomic era, and the understanding of the importance of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic model systems will be stimulated.
Knowledge and understanding.
To have developed the knowledge of the principles of formal genetics: Mendelism, sex-linked inheritance, mapping of genes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, mutations, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genetics of populations. Having acquired the basic notions of Environmental Mutagenesis and Molecular Genetics and having understood the potential of post-genomic analysis.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding.
Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret the patterns of inheritance and to solve problems in the various fields of Genetics.
Autonomy of judgment.
Being able to identify the appropriate rules of Genetics to apply to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class.
Communication skills.
The students' ability to speak, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics covered will be stimulated.
Learning ability.
To be able to discuss scientific issues related to Genetics also in its medical applications and in its evolutionary implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.

OPTIONAL GROUP - -- -
CYTOGENETICSSecond Semester6BIO/18ita

Learning objectives


The course introduces the fundamental concepts and experimental approaches to the study of cytogenetics, a branch of genetics that analyzes the structure of the chromosomes to determine the relationship existing between the hereditary and specific karyotypes characters. The course aims to consolidate and expand the knowledge base on chromatin structure and its intranuclear organization, the metaphase chromosome as well as its specialized structures such as centromere, telomere and fragile sites and their role in maintaining genome stability. The course also aims to address the study of human chromosomal instability syndromes and the role of the biologist in their diagnosis using classical and molecular cytogenetics techniques. It also provides a basis for specialized studies such as the analysis of chromosomal aberrations.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course students will have a thorough knowledge of the basic principles of cytogenetics such as organizing intranuclear chromatin, the chromosome structure and its specialized components. In addition, they will have learned the main classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be encouraged to take advantage of the knowledge acquired during the course and during laboratory practice in order to apply them to specific issues such as, for example, the identification of a specific chromosomal instability syndrome or the genotoxic capacity of chemical or physical agent as well as the application potential of the techniques learned.
Making judgements
Students will be able to interpret and discuss scientific papers presented during class and be able to identify in them the highlights and key points.
Communication skills
During the lessons it will be stimulated students' ability to think and discuss about the topics covered as well as the comparison of opinions to develop their communication skills. These skills will then be tested in the examination.
Learning skills
Students will be able to expose and develop scientific issues related to the course. The active involvement of students through oral classroom discussions and experiences in the laboratory practices, will develop that skill.

HYDROBIOLOGYSecond Semester6BIO/07ita

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with the information useful to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. We aim to expand the knowledge on aquatic habitats and the organisms that inhabit them from a taxonomic, ecological and trophic-functional point of view. Students will learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of organisms in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem science of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, metacommunity ecology), and we will stimulate discussion on the importance of managing these environments. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of freshwater ecology and community ecology through a solid knowledge of the tools for scientific references research.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding: We expect to develop knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. We expect the students to acquire the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Students will know how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the lab experiences to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology.
Judgment autonomy: Students will be able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems or hypothesis in the field of Hydrobiology.
Communication skills: Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated., with a particular attention to the use of proper terminology and logic streamline.
Learning ability: Students will be able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general to the academic ecology of aquatic environments in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions.

119004 - COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Second Semester 4ita

Learning objectives

Over the last decade, technical and technological advancements have sparked a true revolution in the scientific field, thanks to the increased ability to obtain enormous amounts of data at speeds and resolutions previously unimaginable. This ‘big-data revolution’ makes the knowledge of appropriate computational and analytical tools essential to handle such vast amounts of information. In this context, understanding programming languages is a must in any researcher's portfolio. In this course, we will explore the fundamentals of one of the most widely used languages for data management and analysis in the biological and ecological fields, R. The course will be divided into theoretical and practical lessons, combining the study of R with basic and some advanced statistical concepts.
The course aims to provide basic concepts of computer science and programming in R, useful for: • addressing and managing the innovation introduced by ICT technologies; • supporting study and research in the sciences, with particular attention to biological and ecological sciences; • understanding the principles of programming.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and Understanding At the end of the course, the student will have understood how computers work, learned to use tools for handling large amounts of biological, ecological, and environmental data, grasped the basics of programming, and developed programs in R.
Ability to Apply Acquired Knowledge The acquired knowledge will be useful for using computers and developing R programs for processing biological, ecological, and environmental data.
Judgement Autonomy The acquired knowledge will allow students to independently deepen their understanding of the concepts and technologies introduced during the course and to use relevant programs for data analysis with greater awareness.
Communication Skills Students will acquire appropriate technical language and will be able to produce and transmit computer documents. Furthermore, the course will help students develop the necessary skills related to disseminating and sharing results at different levels.
Learning Ability Students will be able to understand technological advancements and their potential in "big-data analysis" in the biological, ecological, and environmental fields. They will also gain greater awareness regarding the use of artificial intelligence in data analysis.

15288 - BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Second Semester 9BIO/10ITA

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide a general framework for understanding the biochemical bases of cell biology and to provide the bases for further studies in Biochemical Methods and Food Science. The course will introduce students to the knowledge of the structure and function of the main biological molecules: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. In addition, general energy concepts will be provided: state functions (enthalpy, entropy and free energy), standard status, high energy compounds as well as knowledge of cellular metabolism and its regulation in relation to physiological needs in humans. Experimental laboratory is also provided allowing preparation of solutions, dilutions and buffers.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding: During the course, the knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of biomolecules, enzyme properties, genetic material organization and the main metabolic processes of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins will be achieved.
Applying knowledge and understanding: In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of Biological Chemistry, students will be encouraged to deepen the application potential of this course in the field of biological, biochemical and biomedical analysis.
Making judgements: The course provides links to other related disciplines to provide a broad and in-depth view of the cellular and molecular bases of cell behavior that will allow students to critically address a wide range of biomedical issues with autonomy of judgment. Moreover, during the course students will be able to develop logical and deductive arguments useful to work autonomously and for inclusion in the world of work.
Communication skills: During the lessons students will be stimulated to discuss and compare different point of views in order to develop their communicative abilities that will be verified during preliminary examination and final oral examinations at the end of training activities.
Learning skills: Students should be able to describe the scientific topics related to Biological Chemistry in written and oral form. This skill will be developed through the active involvement of students through oral class discussions and practical experiences during the hours dedicated to the experimental laboratory.

15290 - MORPHOGENESIS AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Second Semester 9BIO/06ITA

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide the basic knowledge of the biology of deuterostome development from the fusion of gametes, to the constitution and development of the zygotes also after the growth and formation of vertebrate organs and systems. The course aims to provide a framework for further deepening of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of embryogenesis and the role of morphogenetic determinants in bodily development. Knowledge of the principles of the anatomy of systems, organs, and tissues Basic knowledge of the functioning of tegumentary, skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, urogenital, endocrine, and digestive systems.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Basic knowledge acquired through the study of morphogenesis and Compartment Anatomy of Vertebrates will allow students to better understand the disciplinary insights of the lessons to be learned at the same time, ie. Biological chemistry and that will be carried out in later years (especially physiology). Students will then apply the aforementioned knowledge in understanding the evolution of vertebrates, possibly applying them to the concept of extraterrestrial animal models that can be used in research
Making judgments: The course offers links to other Degree Program disciplines by providing an integrated, current, and dynamic knowledge that can be tailored to specific topics such as 1) reading of scientific material found through keyword research and also provided and shared with the learners on the google- Drive see text entry; 2) Working on the material (available on the link, see below) to create personal powerpoints on specific topics; 3) Possibility to attend theme seminars organized by the teaching
Communication skills: During the lessons students are invited to provide their opinion and study in groups to develop their communicative abilities. Such skills are then verified with group-specific meetings with the teacher and during the exams at the end of training activities.
Learning skills: Students should be able to describe scientific issues related to embryogenesis and comparative anatomy among vertebrate classes such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Such return skills will be developed through the active involvement of students in the course topics and during laboratory exercises, where learners will have to pass conceptual knowledge on anatomical models and microscopic material and / or projected video.

- - ELECTIVE MODULE

Second Semester 6ita
SUBJECTSEMESTERCFUSSDLANGUAGE
13657 - TRAINING

First Semester 6ITA
OPTIONAL GROUP - -- -
IMMUNOLOGY6MED/04ita

Learning objectives

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The aim of the course of Immunology is to provide students with a method of studying this constantly evolving scientific area, with terminology and information necessary to understand the basic and the advanced concepts in Immunology. In particular, the program aims to provide general characteristics, basic and updated knowledge concerning molecular and cellular components of innate and adaptive immunity. The students will also be provided with the most recent advances in for further studies concerning the mechanisms underlying immune responses against infections and tumors. In conclusions, the course aims to provide general knowledge to understand the immune response and insights for future studies of immunopathology and immunological biotechnology.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1) Knowledge and understanding. Knowledge of modern Immunology: properties and functions of molecular and cellular components of adaptive and innate immune responses, their complex network of interactions.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding. Developing the knowledge of potential applications of adaptive and innate immune responses in immunopathology and immunological biotechnology.
3) Making judgments. Ability to interpret the experimental results, similar to those addressed during the lessons.
4) Communication skills. Will be stimulated students' ability to speak, think and discuss the scientific questions raised in the classroom to develop communication skills.
5) Learning skills. Ability to describe scientific issues related to the modern Immunology. Such skills will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.

BIOGEOGRAFY6BIO/07ita

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge about the main geographical distribution patterns of organisms, from the global to the landscape scale, as well as the main historical processes involved in the formation and spatio-temporal evolution of these patterns. Emphasis will also be given to the application aspects of the discipline, in particular in the areas of biodiversity management and conservation in both continental and island contexts, environmental assessment, sustainable use of resources, landscape planning and public health.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on animal and plant species distribution. The student will be able to analyze the pattern of species distribution, linking them to the main biogeographic and evolutionary processes involved. The student will know the distribution of the main endemic taxa at global scale.
Applied knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will be able to: analyze the classification of the biogeographical regions and the most important endemisms of these regions; recognize the main processes that determine the distribution of species; formulate sound and evidence based scientific questions.
Making judgments
At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on the evolutionary and biogeographic processes determining plant and animal species distribution.
Communication skills
The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of Biogeography and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge.
Learning skills
The student will be able to autonomously develop a reasoning that leads to identify distribution patterns and to analyze the main processes involved.

15292 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

First Semester 9BIO/11ITA

Learning objectives


Course objective is to provide an overview of the molecular structure and function of the nucleic acids. The goal is to encourage students to acquire solid basic knowledge of molecular biology for studying and understanding the organization and evolution of genomes, but especially the molecular mechanisms that, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, underlie and govern both the maintenance and the flow of genetic information. Moreover, the student will learn the basics of intracellular communication through the study of signal transduction pathways responsible for short-term responses.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. To possess the basics of biochemistry underlying the structure of nucleic acids, for understanding its biological function. Having acquired the concepts and knowledge necessary to understand the molecular and cellular bases of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To understand the main mechanisms of intracellular signaling and of functional protein-protein interactions.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. Knowing how to use the theoretical notions learned during the course for a critical analysis of molecular mechanisms at the basis of life.
MAKING JUDGEMENTS. To be able to discuss the role of the cellular processes described in class, increasing the ability to translate the acquired theoretical concepts into application.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. To demonstrate the ability to summarize and effectively present the acquired information. To develop the ability to use the correct terminology.
LEARNING SKILLS. To be able to grasp, rework and discuss the scientific issues dealt with in the lesson, including their evolutionary implications.

15294 - MICROBIOLOGY

First Semester 9BIO/19ITA

Learning objectives

The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of microorganisms (mainly prokaryotes); their role in nature and their interactions with other organisms. Moreover, it will consent to acquire the basic techniques for the manipulation of microorganisms in the Laboratory. The course will supply a reference framework for understanding current issues related to microorganisms, their interactions with the environment, and their possible uses. This encompasses the importance of microorganisms for humans and other animals, environmental technology, the dangers presented by specific microorganisms, and the essential steps to reduce their potential harmful impact.
The course will supply the basic formation for further specialised studies in microbial ecology, and environmental and medical microbiology.

EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING ABILITY. To get knowledge regarding the basic principles of microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms and other organisms, and their potential in biotechnology.
ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganisms and mankind and the environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to studying the microbial world.
INDEPENDENT JUDGEMENT. The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Ability to communicate information and issues concerning general microbiology and the importance of microorganisms in nature and their relations with other living beings to people in the field and beyond
LEARNING ABILITY. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also through the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences.

- - ELECTIVE MODULE

First Semester 6ita
15300 - APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY

Second Semester 6BIO/10ITA

Learning objectives

This course aims to provide the students with a theoretical and practical knowledge on some of the major preparative and analytical methods that are used not only in biochemical and molecular biological research, but also in other fields including biomedical and environmental. In particular, the knowledge provided relates to methodologies for the identification, isolation and structural and functional characterization of biological macromolecules as well as intellectual tools for the analysis of results and for their description. Both techniques for analyzing individual proteins and genes, as well as whole proteomes and genomes will be treated.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students
1) will know the basics of the main techniques used in biochemical investigations (centrifugation, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, chromatography, spectrometry, protein and nucleic acids sequencing) and the parameters to change in order to improve the results of a specific biochemical investigation;
2) will be able to describe the structural elements of the main instruments of a biochemical laboratory (centrifuge, spectrophotometer, spectrometer);
3) will know the appropriate terminology used in biochemical methods.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be able to
1) orient themselves to choosing the most appropriate biochemical procedure for achieving the experimental goals defined during the research design;
2) evaluate the possible impact of variations in the key parameters of a biochemical experiment;
3) practically carry out the experiments performed during the practical part of the course.
Making judgements: Students should be able to understand and discuss critically the experimental results obtained in a research laboratory and use them as the basis for planning subsequent experiments.
Communication skills: Students should have the ability to convey the acquired knowledge in a clear and comprehensible manner, even to people who are not competent, and must demonstrate the ability to present information also with graphs and formulas.
Learning skills: Successful condition in learning is the ability to read and understand a scientific paper on biochemical topic.

118540 - FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY

Second Semester 9BIO/10ita

Learning objectives

The course of Food Science and Food Safety aims to provide students with the tools necessary to understand the various aspects of nutrition both from the point of view of digestion and absorption and regarding the metabolic fate of nutrients. Furthermore, the important aspect of food safety will be addressed, in particular the prevention of the main diseases linked to food consumption; The understanding of the importance of nutrition in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases will also be stimulated.
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding: Developing knowledge of the principles of Food Science and Human Nutrition; To raise awareness of the general principles of nutrient biochemistry; To introduce the functions and interaction of nutrients with the cellular and molecular system
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Knowing how to use the information learned in class to be able to treat feeding topics in a strictly scientific way that are far from the various forms of simplification and distortion from reality recently developed by the media and by non-specialized pseudo information. Finally, students will be able to apply this knowledge in the food production and distribution industries.
Making judgements: Being able to identify scientific mechanisms that are the basis of nutrition science in order to formulate adequate judgments about various foods and their real effect on health.
Communication skills: The students' ability to talk, discuss and reflect on the topics raised during the lessons will be stimulated, especially insisting on the importance of the scientific method that led to the statements discussed during the course.
Learning skills: Being able to discuss scientific topics related to nutrition also in its bio-medical applications and in the implications in the relationship of nutrition with health. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.

OPTIONAL GROUP - -- -
CONSERVAZIONE DELLE BIODIVERSITA'6BIO/07ita

Learning objectives

The course aims at providing the students with a broad and scientifically correct understanding of the structure of biodiversity, the mechanisms that generate and maintain it, and the human-induced effects that threaten its persistence over time. Since the levels of biodiversity organisation are highly interdependent with one another and cascading effects are typically associated with human impacts, the course aims to develop students' abilities to make connections across multiple levels. To this end, the lectures are structured in a theoretical part and a practical one that involves, for example, the examination of numerous case studies.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1) Knowledge and Understanding: The students will acquire advanced knowledge on the management strategies to deal with various problems that impact biodiversity. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program, which requires students to comprehend the hierarchical scale of biodiversity organization, from the genetic level to population and species up to the ecosystem and global levels.
2) Applied Knowledge and Understanding: The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluating the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be stimulated by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scale disciplines and problems.
3) Independent Evaluation: The interdisciplinary and multilevel nature of this course, including the analyses of the case studies that will be discussed during the lectures and the field work, will allow students to fuel their ability to formulate independent evaluations and bridge across different concepts.
4) Communication Skills: These skills will be developed by encouraging discussions during the lectures and through the group activities, including Journal Clubs, and further refined during field exercises.
5) Ability to Learn: The concepts that the students will learn during the course, and their inter-connections, will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process.

15301 - PHYSIOLOGY

Second Semester 9BIO/09ITA

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide solid knowledge on physiological processes, from the cellular to the organism level. In particular, the course will allow you to: 1) understand the functions and the mechanisms of the physiological processes at cellular, organismal, and system level and their regulation and functional integration through different levels of organization in living organisms; 2) understand the adaptive and homeostatic capacities of organisms in response to environmental changes, both social and physical. The course will pose a solid basis for more specialized studies in neuroscience, behavioural physiology, comparative physiology, ecophysiology, and conservation physiology.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding
- Physiological processes and mechanisms in animals, with ability to connect and integrate different systems and other biological disciplines;
- Understand the physiological connections between systems, of the relationships between organism and environment (internal and external) mediated by physiological processes, including the basic knowledge of the experimental approaches, also pharmacological, for the study of physiological mechanisms with emphasis on the coping response to stress, environmental challenges, and the interaction between ecological and physiological processes.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
- Ability to interpret the results of physiological studies; to understand role of the physiological responses of the organisms to the social and non-social environment; being able to understand the evolutionary and functional connection between anatomy, physiology, behaviour and environment. Being aware of the animal diversity of mechanisms that control the activity of the organisms;
Making judgements
- Ability to understand and make hypotheses on the causes and consequences of animal diversity in physiological functions
Communication skills
- Ability to describe physiological issues, with the appropriate technical/scientific language, both written and spoken;
Learning skills
- Ability to use the acquired knowledge for understanding the physiological processes and mechanisms, from the ionic and biochemical to the organismal level. The achievement of this goal will also be pursued with group discussions on specific topics, also suggested by the students.

17517 - ECOLOGY

Second Semester 9BIO/07ITA

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide solid basic knowledge of the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relationships with the environment. The course aims to emphasize the hierarchical and interdisciplinary nature of ecology with the aim of encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. This is reflected in the organization of the program, that runs the hierarchical scale of the ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) to the structure and functioning of the communities (community ecology).
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Knowledge and Understanding:
By the end of the course, students will have gained fundamental knowledge of organism-environment relationships and evolutionary ecology, with a focus on population dynamics and interspecific interactions. This understanding will be developed through lectures and practical exercises.
2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding:
Students will be able to apply the acquired knowledge to understand environmental issues, improving their ability to explain and discuss complex problems while managing information across multiple hierarchical levels. Additionally, students who complete the course successfully will strengthen their ability to use scientific methods to describe and explain the complex realities of the biosphere.
3. Making Judgements:
By the end of the course, students will be able to apply critical review tools from the scientific literature to formulate interpretative hypotheses based on experimental data. This objective will be supported by field exercises, in which students will be driven to describe and compare different environmental contexts by collecting, processing, and analyzing data.
4. Communication Skills:
Throughout the course, students will be encouraged to actively participate in discussions and share their opinions to enhance their communication abilities. By the course's conclusion, they should be proficient in clearly and effectively conveying the knowledge they have acquired.
5. Learning Skills:
By the end of the course, students will be able to independently formulate well-supported, evidence-based scientific questions and design experimental approaches, integrating their knowledge with the existing scientific literature.

118539 - FINAL EXAMINATION

Second Semester 7ita

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide the students with 1) knowledge of basic physics in order to complete those introduced during the first year and 2) the tools needed to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained through the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to orally expose a scientific topic and to draw up a scientific report. This is within a simple but rigorous modeling and mathematical approach to familiarize students with graphic representations and estimates of scale sizes and physical phenomena.

Expected learning outcomes
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING SKILLS
At the end of the learning activity the person will know: A) define the measure of a physical quantity in direct and indirect manner; B) describe a physical dimension through numerical and graphical, linear and nonlinear methods; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the unit of measure; D) describe the operation of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of the measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) comparing experimental results; M) design a mechanics, calorimetry experiment and study of the DC circuits capable of determining with good approximation some fundamental constants of the physical or physical properties of the apparatus; N) write a scientific report that gives clear, complete and immediate control of the protocol and collected data.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING SKILLS APPLIED
At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate, doing an experiment or in an examination context, to know how to: A) associate the magnitude to measure the physical laws describing the system; B) estimate the effects that change the expected value of the measured quantity within the used approximation; C) do an experiment and define the optimum conditions for carrying it on; D) give a value of uncertainty of the measured quantities; E) analytically evaluate how the error is propagated on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to get the value to be measured that is affected by minimal random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through the statistics.
JUDGMENT AUTONOMY
At the end of this activity, the student must demonstrate that he / she knows how to: A) choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment most suitable for obtaining an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase measurement sensitivity; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors.
COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS
The student must demonstrate that he/she is able to describe in a scientific report the physical law relevant for an experiment, the experimental conditions, and the theory best suited to the determination of physical quantity measurement, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified by evaluating the reports that each group of students will have done about the experiments conducted during the course. They will then be further verified during the examination.
ABILITY TO LEARN
At the end of this activity, the student must demonstrate that he / she can use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of various systems.

Learning objectives


The course introduces the fundamental concepts and experimental approaches to the study of cytogenetics, a branch of genetics that analyzes the structure of the chromosomes to determine the relationship existing between the hereditary and specific karyotypes characters. The course aims to consolidate and expand the knowledge base on chromatin structure and its intranuclear organization, the metaphase chromosome as well as its specialized structures such as centromere, telomere and fragile sites and their role in maintaining genome stability. The course also aims to address the study of human chromosomal instability syndromes and the role of the biologist in their diagnosis using classical and molecular cytogenetics techniques. It also provides a basis for specialized studies such as the analysis of chromosomal aberrations.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course students will have a thorough knowledge of the basic principles of cytogenetics such as organizing intranuclear chromatin, the chromosome structure and its specialized components. In addition, they will have learned the main classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be encouraged to take advantage of the knowledge acquired during the course and during laboratory practice in order to apply them to specific issues such as, for example, the identification of a specific chromosomal instability syndrome or the genotoxic capacity of chemical or physical agent as well as the application potential of the techniques learned.
Making judgements
Students will be able to interpret and discuss scientific papers presented during class and be able to identify in them the highlights and key points.
Communication skills
During the lessons it will be stimulated students' ability to think and discuss about the topics covered as well as the comparison of opinions to develop their communication skills. These skills will then be tested in the examination.
Learning skills
Students will be able to expose and develop scientific issues related to the course. The active involvement of students through oral classroom discussions and experiences in the laboratory practices, will develop that skill.

Learning objectives

The aim of the course is to provide students with the information useful to learn the theoretical bases of classical and modern hydrobiology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have enabled their development today. We aim to expand the knowledge on aquatic habitats and the organisms that inhabit them from a taxonomic, ecological and trophic-functional point of view. Students will learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of organisms in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem science of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, metacommunity ecology), and we will stimulate discussion on the importance of managing these environments. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of freshwater ecology and community ecology through a solid knowledge of the tools for scientific references research.
EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge and understanding: We expect to develop knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. We expect the students to acquire the notions of hydrobiology useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of inland waters.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Students will know how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the lab experiences to interpret the structures and functions of the various aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of hydrobiology.
Judgment autonomy: Students will be able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems or hypothesis in the field of Hydrobiology.
Communication skills: Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated., with a particular attention to the use of proper terminology and logic streamline.
Learning ability: Students will be able to discuss scientific issues related to hydrobiology and in general to the academic ecology of aquatic environments in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions.

Learning objectives

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The aim of the course of Immunology is to provide students with a method of studying this constantly evolving scientific area, with terminology and information necessary to understand the basic and the advanced concepts in Immunology. In particular, the program aims to provide general characteristics, basic and updated knowledge concerning molecular and cellular components of innate and adaptive immunity. The students will also be provided with the most recent advances in for further studies concerning the mechanisms underlying immune responses against infections and tumors. In conclusions, the course aims to provide general knowledge to understand the immune response and insights for future studies of immunopathology and immunological biotechnology.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1) Knowledge and understanding. Knowledge of modern Immunology: properties and functions of molecular and cellular components of adaptive and innate immune responses, their complex network of interactions.
2) Applying knowledge and understanding. Developing the knowledge of potential applications of adaptive and innate immune responses in immunopathology and immunological biotechnology.
3) Making judgments. Ability to interpret the experimental results, similar to those addressed during the lessons.
4) Communication skills. Will be stimulated students' ability to speak, think and discuss the scientific questions raised in the classroom to develop communication skills.
5) Learning skills. Ability to describe scientific issues related to the modern Immunology. Such skills will be developed and tested by involving students in oral discussions in the classroom.

Learning objectives

The course aims to provide basic knowledge about the main geographical distribution patterns of organisms, from the global to the landscape scale, as well as the main historical processes involved in the formation and spatio-temporal evolution of these patterns. Emphasis will also be given to the application aspects of the discipline, in particular in the areas of biodiversity management and conservation in both continental and island contexts, environmental assessment, sustainable use of resources, landscape planning and public health.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on animal and plant species distribution. The student will be able to analyze the pattern of species distribution, linking them to the main biogeographic and evolutionary processes involved. The student will know the distribution of the main endemic taxa at global scale.
Applied knowledge and understanding
At the end of the training, the student will be able to: analyze the classification of the biogeographical regions and the most important endemisms of these regions; recognize the main processes that determine the distribution of species; formulate sound and evidence based scientific questions.
Making judgments
At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on the evolutionary and biogeographic processes determining plant and animal species distribution.
Communication skills
The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of Biogeography and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge.
Learning skills
The student will be able to autonomously develop a reasoning that leads to identify distribution patterns and to analyze the main processes involved.

Learning objectives

The course aims at providing the students with a broad and scientifically correct understanding of the structure of biodiversity, the mechanisms that generate and maintain it, and the human-induced effects that threaten its persistence over time. Since the levels of biodiversity organisation are highly interdependent with one another and cascading effects are typically associated with human impacts, the course aims to develop students' abilities to make connections across multiple levels. To this end, the lectures are structured in a theoretical part and a practical one that involves, for example, the examination of numerous case studies.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1) Knowledge and Understanding: The students will acquire advanced knowledge on the management strategies to deal with various problems that impact biodiversity. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program, which requires students to comprehend the hierarchical scale of biodiversity organization, from the genetic level to population and species up to the ecosystem and global levels.
2) Applied Knowledge and Understanding: The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluating the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be stimulated by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scale disciplines and problems.
3) Independent Evaluation: The interdisciplinary and multilevel nature of this course, including the analyses of the case studies that will be discussed during the lectures and the field work, will allow students to fuel their ability to formulate independent evaluations and bridge across different concepts.
4) Communication Skills: These skills will be developed by encouraging discussions during the lectures and through the group activities, including Journal Clubs, and further refined during field exercises.
5) Ability to Learn: The concepts that the students will learn during the course, and their inter-connections, will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process.

CHOICE GROUPSYEAR/SEMESTERCFUSSDLANGUAGE
OPTIONAL GROUP -6 - -
13643 - STATISTICS AND PHYSICS LABORATORYSecond Year / First Semester 6FIS/07ita
119724 - CYTOGENETICSSecond Year / Second Semester 6BIO/18ita
17514 - HYDROBIOLOGYSecond Year / Second Semester 6BIO/07ita
OPTIONAL GROUP -6 - -
15293 - IMMUNOLOGYThird Year / First Semester 6MED/04ita
119927 - BIOGEOGRAFYThird Year / First Semester 6BIO/07ita
17516 - CONSERVAZIONE DELLE BIODIVERSITA'Third Year / Second Semester 6BIO/07ita